Section 51p. 51

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW COMPENDIUM VOLUME I

Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have

resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the

conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in

which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and

belief

and

freedom

from

fear

and

want

has been

proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common

people,

Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to

have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny

and oppression, that human rights should be protected

by the rule of law,

Whereas it is essential to promote the development of

friendly relations between nations,

Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the

Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human

rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and

in

the

equal

rights

of men and women and have

determined

to

promote

social

progress

and

better

standards of life in larger freedom,

Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to

achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the

promotion of universal respect for and observance of

human rights and fundamental freedoms,

Whereas a common understanding of these rights and

freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full

realization of this pledge,

Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a

common standard of achievement for all peoples and all

nations, to the end that every individual and every organ

of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind,

shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect

for

these

rights

and

freedoms

and

by

progressive

measures, national and international, to secure their

universal and effective recognition and observance, both

among the peoples of Member States themselves and

among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

Article 1.

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and

rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience

and

should

act

towards one another in a spirit of

brotherhood.

Article 2.

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set

forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind,

such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or

other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or

other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made

on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international

status of the country or territory to which a person

belongs,

whether

it

be

independent,

trust,

non-self-governing

or

under

any

other

limitation of

sovereignty.

Article 3.

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of

person.

Article 4.

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and

the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

Article 5.

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman

or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 6.

Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a

person before the law.

Article 7.

All are equal before the law and are entitled without any

discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are

entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in

violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to

such discrimination.

Article 8.

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the

competent

national

tribunals

for

acts

violating

the

fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by

law.

Article 9.

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or

exile.

Article 10.

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public

hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the

determination of his rights and obligations and of any

criminal charge against him.

Article 11.

(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to

be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to

law

in

a

public

trial

at which he has had all the

guarantees necessary for his defence.

(2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on

account of any act or omission which did not constitute a

penal offence, under national or international law, at the

time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty

be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time

the penal offence was committed.

Article 12.

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with

his

privacy,

family, home or correspondence, nor to

attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has

the right to the protection of the law against such

interference or attacks.

Article 13.

(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and

residence within the borders of each state.

(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including

his own, and to return to his country.

Article 14.

(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other

countries asylum from persecution.

(2)

This

right

may

not

be

invoked

in

the case of

prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes

or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of

the United Nations.

Article 15.

(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.

(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality

nor denied the right to change his nationality.

Article 16.

(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due

to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and

to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to

marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.

(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and

full consent of the intending spouses.

(3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit

of society and is entitled to protection by society and the

State.

Article 17.

(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as

in association with others.

(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Article 18.

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience

and religion; this right includes freedom to change his

religion

or

belief,

and

freedom,

either

alone

or

in

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