Section 55p. 55

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW COMPENDIUM VOLUME I

4. In the case of juvenile persons, the procedure shall be

such as will take account of their age and the desirability

of promoting their rehabilitation.

5. Everyone convicted of a crime shall have the right to his

conviction and sentence being reviewed by a higher

tribunal according to law.

6. When a person has by a final decision been convicted

of

a

criminal

offence

and

when

subsequently

his

conviction has been reversed or he has been pardoned

on the ground that a new or newly discovered fact shows

conclusively that there has been a miscarriage of justice,

the person who has suffered punishment as a result of

such conviction shall be compensated according to law,

unless

it

is

proved

that

the

non-disclosure

of

the

unknown fact in time is wholly or partly attributable to

him.

7. No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for

an offence for which he has already been finally convicted

or acquitted in accordance with the law and penal

procedure of each country.

Article 15

1 . No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on

account of any act or omission which did not constitute a

criminal offence, under national or international law, at

the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier

penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at

the time when the criminal offence was committed. If,

subsequent to the commission of the offence, provision is

made by law for the imposition of the lighter penalty, the

offender shall benefit thereby.

2. Nothing in this article shall prejudice the trial and

punishment of any person for any act or omission which,

at

the

time

when

it

was

committed, was criminal

according to the general principles of law recognized by

the community of nations.

Article 16

Everyone shall have the right to recognition everywhere

as a person before the law.

Article 17

1. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful

interference

with

his

privacy,

family,

home

or

correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour

and reputation.

2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law

against such interference or attacks.

Article 18

1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought,

conscience and religion. This right shall include freedom

to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and

freedom, either individually or in community with others

and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in

worship, observance, practice and teaching.

2. No one shall be subject to coercion which would impair

his freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his

choice.

3. Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be

subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law

and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health,

or morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of

others.

4. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake

to have respect for the liberty of parents and, when

applicable, legal guardians to ensure the religious and

moral education of their children in conformity with their

own convictions.

Article 19

1. Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without

interference.

2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression;

this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and

impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of

frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of

art, or through any other media of his choice.

3. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of

this

article

carries

with

it

special

duties

and

responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain

restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided

by law and are necessary:

(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others;

(b) For the protection of national security or of public

order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.

Article 20

1. Any propaganda for war shall be prohibited by law.

2. Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that

constitutes

incitement

to

discrimination,

hostility

or

violence shall be prohibited by law.

Article 21

The right of peaceful assembly shall be recognized. No

restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right

other than those imposed in conformity with the law and

which are necessary in a democratic society in the

interests of national security or public safety, public order

(ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or

the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.

Article 22

1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of association

with others, including the right to form and join trade

unions for the protection of his interests.

2. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this

right other than those which are prescribed by law and

which are necessary in a democratic society in the

interests of national security or public safety, public order

(ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or

the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. This

article

shall

not

prevent

the

imposition

of

lawful

restrictions on members of the armed forces and of the

police in their exercise of this right.

3. Nothing in this article shall authorize States Parties to

the International Labour Organisation Convention of 1948

concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the

Right to Organize to take legislative measures which

would prejudice, or to apply the law in such a manner as

to

prejudice,

the

guarantees

provided

for

in

that

Convention.

Article 23

1. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of

society and is entitled to protection by society and the

State.

2. The right of men and women of marriageable age to

marry and to found a family shall be recognized.

3. No marriage shall be entered into without the free and

full consent of the intending spouses.

4. States Parties to the present Covenant shall take

appropriate

steps

to

ensure

equality

of

rights

and

responsibilities

of

spouses

as

to

marriage,

during

marriage and at its dissolution. In the case of dissolution,

provision shall be made for the necessary protection of

any children.

Article 24

1. Every child shall have, without any discrimination as to

race, colour, sex, language, religion, national or social

origin, property or birth, the right to such measures of

protection as are required by his status as a minor, on the

part of his family, society and the State.

2. Every child shall be registered immediately after birth

and shall have a name.

3. Every child has the right to acquire a nationality.

Article 25

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