Section 90p. 90

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW COMPENDIUM VOLUME I

compensation

for

adverse

effects

of

environmental

damage caused by activities within their jurisdiction or

control to areas beyond their jurisdiction.

Principle 14

States

should

effectively cooperate to discourage or

prevent the relocation and transfer to other States of any

activities

and

substances

that

cause

severe

environmental degradation or are found to be harmful to

human health.

Principle 15

In order to protect the environment, the precautionary

approach shall be widely applied by States according to

their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or

irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall

not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective

measures to prevent environmental degradation.

Principle 16

National authorities should endeavour to promote the

internalization of environmental costs and the use of

economic instruments, taking into account the approach

that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of

pollution, with due regard to the public interest and

without distorting international trade and investment.

Principle 17

Environmental

impact

assessment,

as

a

national

instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities

that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the

environment

and

are

subject

to

a

decision

of

a

competent national authority.

Principle 18

States shall immediately notify other States of any natural

disasters or other emergencies that are likely to produce

sudden harmful effects on the environment of those

States. Every effort shall be made by the international

community to help States so afflicted.

Principle 19

States shall provide prior and timely notification and

relevant information to potentially affected States on

activities

that

may

have

a

significant

adverse

transboundary environmental effect and shall consult

with those States at an early stage and in good faith.

Principle 20

Women have a vital role in environmental management

and development. Their full participation is therefore

essential to achieve sustainable development.

Principle 21

The creativity, ideals and courage of the youth of the

world should be mobilized to forge a global partnership

in order to achieve sustainable development and ensure a

better future for all.

Principle 22

Indigenous people and their communities and other local

communities

have

a

vital

role

in

environmental

management

and

development

because

of

their

knowledge

and

traditional

practices.

States

should

recognize and duly support their identity, culture and

interests and enable their effective participation in the

achievement of sustainable development.

Principle 23

The environment and natural resources of people under

oppression,domination

and

occupation

shall

be

protected.

Principle 24

Warfare

is

inherently

destructive

of

sustainable

development. States shall therefore respect international

law providing protection for the environment in times of

armed conflict and cooperate in its further development,

as necessary.

Principle 25

Peace, development and environmental protection are

interdependent and indivisible.

Principle 26

States

shall

resolve

all

their environmental disputes

peacefully and by appropriate means in accordance with

the Charter of the United Nations.

Principle 27

States and people shall cooperate in good faith and in a

spirit of partnership in the fulfilment of the principles

embodied

in

this

Declaration

and

in

the

further

development

of

international

law

in

the

field

of

sustainable development.

Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations

Framework

Convention

on

Climate

Change

The Parties to this Protocol ,

Being

Parties

to

the

United

Nations

Framework

Convention on Climate Change, hereinafter referred to as

"the Convention",

In pursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as

stated in its Article 2,

Recalling the provisions of the Convention,

Being guided by Article 3 of the Convention,

Pursuant to the Berlin Mandate adopted by decision

1/CP.1 of the

Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its first

session,

Have agreed as follows:

Article 1

For

the

purposes

of

this

Protocol,

the

definitions

contained in Article 1 of the Convention shall apply. In

addition:

1. "Conference of the Parties" means the Conference of

the Parties to the Convention.

2. "Convention" means the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change, adopted in New York on

9 May 1992.

3. "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" means

the

Intergovernmental

Panel

on

Climate

Change

established in 1988 jointly by the World Meteorological

Organization

and

the

United

Nations

Environment

Programme.

4. "Montreal Protocol" means the Montreal Protocol on

Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, adopted in

Montreal on 16 September 1987 and as subsequently

adjusted and amended.

5. "Parties present and voting" means Parties present and

casting an affirmative or negative vote.

6. "Party" means, unless the context otherwise indicates, a

Party to this Protocol.

7. "Party included in Annex I" means a Party included in

Annex I to the Convention, as may be amended, or a Party

which has made a notification under Article 4, paragraph

2(g), of the Convention.

Article 2

1.

Each

Party

included

in Annex I, in achieving its

quantified

emission

limitation

and

reduction

commitments

under

Article

3,

in order to promote

sustainable development, shall:

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